歷*，因為環(huán)境突變而滅絕的動物物種不勝枚舉，比如恐龍。進化論的一個觀點認為，滅絕的物種未能適應(yīng)劇烈變化的環(huán)境。
如果類推到企業(yè)界，很多企業(yè)未能適應(yīng)不斷變化的市場環(huán)境——尤其是技術(shù)變革引起的市場環(huán)境變化，并因此威脅到他們的生存。
比如，在過去的兩年里，分別作為膠片技術(shù)和數(shù)字的柯達和諾基亞面臨的競爭性問題嚴重的到了無以復(fù)加的地步。由于未能適應(yīng)數(shù)字攝影革命，柯達被迫破產(chǎn)重組。而對于諾基亞而言，智能手機的快速崛起使其喪失了獨立性。大約30年前，另一個技術(shù)企業(yè)，數(shù)字設(shè)備公司（DEC），也遭受了同樣的命運。當時，微型電腦（臺式機和服務(wù)器）取代了DEC作為市場*的迷你電腦。
然而，盡管市場環(huán)境巨變，有些企業(yè)還是設(shè)法活了下來，甚至取得了成功。
這就引出了一個關(guān)鍵問題：那些未能適應(yīng)變革和那些成功適應(yīng)變革的企業(yè)之間有什么不同之處？
關(guān)鍵：整合知識
我認為，在技術(shù)突變的時代，公司是否有能力整合內(nèi)部知識和外部知識是決定其生死存亡的關(guān)鍵因素。的確，那些成功地實現(xiàn)內(nèi)部知識和外部知識整合的公司不僅生存下來，而且提高了企業(yè)的競爭地位。在我的新書（《高績效公司：世界*公司的成功戰(zhàn)略》）中，我討論了日本企業(yè)FANUC的案例。
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